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this problem is quite distinct from the other one

  • 1 distinct

    di'stiŋkt
    1) (easily seen, heard or noticed: There are distinct differences between the two; Her voice is very distinct.) claro, marcado, inconfundible
    2) (separate or different: Those two birds are quite distinct - you couldn't confuse them.) distinto
    •
    - distinctness
    - distinction
    - distinctive
    - distinctively
    1. claro / marcado / inconfundible
    2. distinto
    tr[dɪ'stɪŋkt]
    1 (different, separate) distinto,-a ( from, a), diferente ( from, de)
    2 (noticeable - likeness, change) marcado,-a; (- smell) inconfundible, fuerte; (idea, sign, intention, thought) claro,-a, evidente; (tendency) bien determinado,-a; (improvement) decidido,-a, marcado,-a
    3 (possibility, advantage) innegable
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as distinct from a diferencia de
    distinct [dɪ'stɪŋkt] adj
    1) different: distinto, diferente
    2) clear, unmistakable: marcado, claro, evidente
    a distinct possibility: una clara posibilidad
    adj.
    • cierto, -a adj.
    • claro, -a adj.
    • distinto, -a adj.
    • diverso, -a adj.
    • inequívoco, -a adj.
    dɪ'stɪŋkt
    1) <shape/outline> definido, claro, nítido; < likeness> obvio, marcado; < improvement> decidido, marcado; < possibility> nada desdeñable
    2)
    a) (different, separate) distinto, bien diferenciado

    to be distinct FROM something — ser* distinto or diferente de or a algo

    b) ( unmistakable) (pred) inconfundible
    [dɪs'tɪŋkt]
    ADJ
    1) (=different) [types, species, groups] diferente, distinto

    distinct from — diferente a, distinto a

    engineering and technology are disciplines quite distinct from one another — la ingeniería y la tecnología son disciplinas muy diferentes or distintas

    2) (=clear, definite) [shape, memory] claro, definido; [image, sound] claro, nítido; [increase, rise, fall] marcado; [advantage, disadvantage] claro, obvio; [possibility, improvement] claro; [lack] evidente; [flavour] inconfundible

    • we noticed a distinct change in her attitude — notamos un claro cambio en su actitud

    • he had the distinct feeling that they were laughing at him — tuvo la clara sensación de que se estaban riendo de él

    • I got the distinct impression that... — tuve la clara impresión de que...

    • there is a distinct possibility that... — existe una clara posibilidad de que... + subjun

    • there are distinct signs of progress — existen señales evidentes or inconfundibles de progreso

    * * *
    [dɪ'stɪŋkt]
    1) <shape/outline> definido, claro, nítido; < likeness> obvio, marcado; < improvement> decidido, marcado; < possibility> nada desdeñable
    2)
    a) (different, separate) distinto, bien diferenciado

    to be distinct FROM something — ser* distinto or diferente de or a algo

    b) ( unmistakable) (pred) inconfundible

    English-spanish dictionary > distinct

  • 2 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 3 clear

    clear [klɪə(r)]
    transparent ⇒ 1 (a) clair ⇒ 1 (a)-(f) vif ⇒ 1 (c) net ⇒ 1 (d), 1 (h), 1 (l) évident ⇒ 1 (f) certain ⇒ 1 (g) libre ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (k) tranquille ⇒ 1 (j) distinctement ⇒ 2 (a) entièrement ⇒ 2 (c) débarrasser ⇒ 4 (a), 4 (b) clarifier ⇒ 4 (c) autoriser ⇒ 4 (d) innocenter ⇒ 4 (e) franchir ⇒ 4 (f) finir ⇒ 4 (h) s'éclaircir ⇒ 5 (a), 5 (b)
    (a) (transparent → glass, plastic) transparent; (→ water) clair, limpide; (→ river) limpide, transparent; (→ air) pur;
    ∎ clear honey miel m liquide;
    ∎ clear soup (plain stock) bouillon m; (with meat) consommé m
    (b) (cloudless → sky) clair, dégagé; (→ weather) clair, beau (belle);
    ∎ on a clear day par temps clair;
    ∎ the sky grew clearer le ciel se dégagea;
    ∎ as clear as day(light) clair comme le jour ou comme de l'eau de roche
    (c) (not dull → colour) vif; (→ light) éclatant, radieux; (untainted → complexion) clair, frais (fraîche);
    ∎ clear blue bleu vif;
    ∎ to have (a) clear skin avoir la peau nette
    (d) (distinct → outline) net, clair; (→ photograph) net; (→ sound) clair, distinct; (→ voice) clair, argentin;
    ∎ Television the picture was very clear l'image était très nette;
    ∎ make sure your writing is clear efforcez-vous d'écrire distinctement ou proprement;
    ∎ the lyrics are not very clear je ne distingue pas très bien les paroles de la chanson;
    ∎ the sound was as clear as a bell on entendait un son aussi clair que celui d'une cloche
    (e) (not confused → mind) pénétrant, lucide; (→ thinking, argument, style) clair; (→ explanation, report) clair, intelligible; (→ instructions) clair, explicite; (→ message) en clair;
    ∎ I want to keep a clear head je veux rester lucide ou garder tous mes esprits;
    ∎ a clear thinker un esprit lucide;
    ∎ clear thinking is essential il est essentiel de garder un esprit lucide;
    ∎ he is quite clear about what has to be done il sait parfaitement ce qu'il y a à faire;
    ∎ I've got the problem clear in my head je comprends ou saisis le problème;
    ∎ to make one's meaning or oneself clear se faire comprendre;
    ∎ now let's get this clear - I want no nonsense comprenons-nous bien ou soyons clairs - je ne supporterai pas de sottises
    (f) (obvious, unmistakable) évident, clair;
    ∎ a clear indication of a forthcoming storm un signe certain qu'il va y avoir de l'orage;
    ∎ it is a clear case of favouritism c'est manifestement du favoritisme, c'est un cas de favoritisme manifeste;
    ∎ it's clear that he's lying il est évident ou clair qu'il ment;
    ∎ it's clear from her letter that she's unhappy sa lettre montre clairement qu'elle est malheureuse;
    ∎ it becomes clearer every day cela devient plus évident chaque jour;
    ∎ it's far from clear who will win the election on ne peut vraiment pas dire qui va gagner les élections;
    ∎ it was not clear who had won on ne savait pas exactement qui avait gagné;
    ∎ it is clear to me that he is telling the truth pour moi, il est clair qu'il dit la vérité;
    ∎ he was unable to make his meaning clear il n'arrivait pas à s'expliquer;
    ∎ we want to make it clear that… nous tenons à préciser que…;
    ∎ to make it clear to sb that… bien faire comprendre à qn que…;
    ∎ she made it quite clear to them what she wanted elle leur a bien fait comprendre ce qu'elle voulait;
    ∎ it is important to make clear exactly what our aims are il est important de bien préciser quels sont nos objectifs;
    ∎ is that clear? est-ce que c'est clair?;
    ∎ do I make myself clear? est-ce que je me fais bien comprendre?, est-ce que c'est bien clair?;
    ∎ humorous as clear as mud clair comme l'encre
    (g) (free from doubt, certain) certain;
    ∎ she seems quite clear about what she wants elle sait très bien ce qu'elle veut;
    ∎ I want to be clear in my mind about it je veux en avoir le cœur net
    (h) (unqualified) net, sensible;
    ∎ it's a clear improvement over the other c'est nettement mieux que l'autre, il y a un net progrès par rapport à l'autre;
    ∎ they won by a clear majority ils ont gagné avec une large majorité
    (i) (unobstructed, free → floor, path) libre, dégagé; (→ route) sans obstacles, sans danger; (→ view) dégagé;
    ∎ the roads are clear of snow les routes sont déblayées ou déneigées;
    ∎ clear of obstacles sans obstacles;
    ∎ I left the desk clear j'ai débarrassé le bureau;
    ∎ his latest X-rays are clear ses dernières radios ne montrent rien d'anormal;
    ∎ clear space espace m libre;
    ∎ we had a clear view of the sea nous avions une très belle vue sur la mer;
    ∎ to be clear of sth être débarrassé de qch;
    ∎ we're clear of the traffic nous sommes sortis des encombrements;
    ∎ we were clear of the last checkpoint nous avions passé le dernier poste de contrôle;
    ∎ once the plane was clear of the trees une fois que l'avion eut franchi les arbres;
    ∎ to be clear of debts être libre de dettes;
    ∎ figurative can you see your way clear to lending me £5? auriez-vous la possibilité de me prêter 5 livres?;
    ∎ all clear! (there's no traffic, no one is watching) vous pouvez y aller, la voie est libre; Military fin d'alerte!
    (j) (free from guilt → conscience) tranquille;
    ∎ is your conscience clear? as-tu la conscience tranquille?;
    ∎ I can go home with a clear conscience je peux rentrer la conscience tranquille
    (k) (time) libre;
    ∎ his schedule is clear il n'a rien de prévu sur son emploi du temps;
    ∎ I have Wednesday clear je n'ai rien de prévu pour mercredi;
    ∎ we have four clear days to finish nous avons quatre jours pleins ou entiers pour finir
    (l) (net → money, wages) net;
    ∎ he brings home £300 clear il gagne 300 livres net;
    ∎ a clear profit un bénéfice net;
    ∎ a clear loss une perte sèche;
    ∎ clear of taxes net d'impôts
    (m) Linguistics antérieur
    (a) (distinctly) distinctement, nettement;
    ∎ Radio reading you loud and clear je te reçois cinq sur cinq;
    ∎ I can hear you as clear as a bell je t'entends très clairement
    (b) (away from, out of the way)
    ∎ to get clear of sb échapper à qn;
    ∎ when we got clear of the town quand nous nous sommes éloignés de la ville;
    ∎ when I get clear of my debts quand je serai débarrassé de mes dettes;
    ∎ we pulled him clear of the wrecked car/of the water nous l'avons sorti de la carcasse de la voiture/de l'eau;
    ∎ she was thrown clear of the car elle a été éjectée de la voiture;
    ∎ stand clear! écartez-vous!;
    ∎ stand clear of the entrance! dégagez l'entrée!;
    ∎ stand clear of the doors! attention à la fermeture automatique des portes!;
    ∎ to keep or steer clear of sth éviter qch;
    ∎ Nautical to steer clear of a rock passer au large d'un écueil
    (c) (all the way) entièrement, complètement;
    ∎ you can see clear to the mountain on peut voir jusqu'à la montagne;
    ∎ they went clear around the world ils ont fait le tour du monde;
    ∎ the thieves got clear away les voleurs ont disparu sans laisser de trace
    3 noun
    ∎ (idiom) to be in the clear (out of danger) être hors de danger; (out of trouble) être tiré d'affaire; (free of blame) être blanc comme neige; (above suspicion) être au-dessus de tout soupçon; (no longer suspected) être blanchi (de tout soupçon); Sport être démarqué
    (a) (remove → object) débarrasser, enlever; (→ obstacle) écarter; (→ weeds) arracher, enlever;
    ∎ clear the papers off the desk enlevez ces papiers du bureau, débarrassez le bureau de ces papiers;
    ∎ she cleared the plates from the table elle a débarrassé la table
    (b) (remove obstruction from → gen) débarrasser; (→ entrance, road) dégager, déblayer; (→ forest, land) défricher; (→ streets, room) faire évacuer; (→ pipe) déboucher;
    ∎ it's your turn to clear the table c'est à ton tour de débarrasser la table ou de desservir;
    ∎ to clear one's desk (tidy) débarrasser son bureau; (complete pending tasks) régler les affaires en suspens;
    ∎ to clear one's throat se racler la gorge;
    ∎ this land has been cleared of trees ce terrain a été déboisé;
    ∎ clear the room! évacuez la salle!;
    ∎ the judge cleared the court le juge a fait évacuer la salle;
    ∎ the police cleared the way for the procession la police a ouvert un passage au cortège;
    ∎ figurative the talks cleared the way for a ceasefire les pourparlers ont préparé le terrain ou ont ouvert la voie pour un cessez-le-feu;
    ∎ also figurative to clear the ground déblayer le terrain;
    ∎ to clear the decks (prepare for action) se mettre en branle-bas de combat; (make space) faire de la place, faire le ménage
    (c) (clarify → liquid) clarifier; (→ wine) coller, clarifier; (→ skin) purifier; (→ complexion) éclaircir;
    ∎ open the windows to clear the air ouvrez les fenêtres pour aérer;
    ∎ figurative his apology cleared the air ses excuses ont détendu l'atmosphère;
    ∎ I went for a walk to clear my head (from hangover) j'ai fait un tour pour m'éclaircir les idées; (from confusion) j'ai fait un tour pour me rafraîchir les idées ou pour me remettre les idées en place
    (d) (authorize) autoriser, approuver;
    ∎ the plane was cleared for take-off l'avion a reçu l'autorisation de décoller;
    ∎ the editor cleared the article for publication le rédacteur en chef a donné son accord ou le feu vert pour publier l'article;
    ∎ the investigators cleared him for top secret work après enquête, il a été autorisé à mener des activités top secret;
    ∎ you'll have to clear it with the boss il faut demander l'autorisation ou l'accord ou le feu vert du patron
    (e) (vindicate, find innocent) innocenter, disculper;
    ∎ to clear sb of a charge disculper qn d'une accusation;
    ∎ he was cleared of having been drunk in charge of a ship accusé d'avoir tenu les commandes (d'un navire) en état d'ivresse, il a été disculpé;
    ∎ the court cleared him of all blame la cour l'a totalement disculpé ou innocenté;
    ∎ give him a chance to clear himself donnez-lui la possibilité de se justifier ou de prouver son innocence;
    ∎ to clear one's name se justifier, défendre son honneur
    (f) (avoid touching) franchir; (obstacle) éviter;
    ∎ to clear a ditch sauter ou franchir un fossé;
    ∎ the horse cleared the fence with ease le cheval a sauté sans peine par-dessus ou a franchi sans peine la barrière;
    ∎ the plane barely cleared the trees l'avion a franchi les arbres de justesse;
    ∎ hang the curtains so that they just clear the floor accrochez les rideaux de façon à ce qu'ils touchent à peine le parquet
    ∎ she cleared 10 percent on the deal l'affaire lui a rapporté 10 pour cent net ou 10 pour cent tous frais payés;
    ∎ I clear a thousand pounds monthly je fais un bénéfice net de mille livres par mois
    (h) (dispatch → work) finir, terminer; Commerce (→ stock) liquider;
    ∎ he cleared the backlog of work il a rattrapé le travail en retard;
    ∎ we must clear this report by Friday il faut que nous nous débarrassions de ce rapport avant vendredi
    (i) (settle → account) liquider, solder; (→ cheque) compenser; (→ debt) s'acquitter de; (→ dues) acquitter
    (j) (of customs officer → goods) dédouaner; (→ ship) expédier
    ∎ to clear customs (person) passer la douane; (shipment) être dédouané;
    ∎ the bill cleared the Senate le projet de loi a été voté par le Sénat
    (l) Medicine (blood) dépurer, purifier; (bowels) purger, dégager
    ∎ to clear the ball dégager le ballon
    (n) Technology (decode) déchiffrer
    ∎ to clear the screen vider l'écran
    (a) (weather) s'éclaircir, se lever; (sky) se dégager; (fog) se lever, se dissiper;
    ∎ it's clearing le temps se lève, le ciel se dégage
    (b) (liquid) s'éclaircir; (skin) devenir plus sain; (complexion) s'éclaircir; (expression) s'éclairer;
    ∎ her face cleared son visage s'est éclairé
    (c) (cheque) être encaissé;
    ∎ it takes three days for the cheque to clear il y a trois jours de délai d'encaissement
    (d) (obtain clearance) recevoir l'autorisation
    (remove) enlever, ôter; (one's things) ranger;
    ∎ we cleared away the dishes nous avons débarrassé (la table) ou desservi
    (a) (tidy up) débarrasser, desservir
    (b) (disappear → fog, mist) se dissiper
    familiar filer;
    ∎ clear off! dégage!, fiche le camp!
    (a) (get rid of → debt) s'acquitter de; Commerce (→ stock) liquider
    (b) (remove) retirer, enlever
    (a) (tidy) nettoyer, ranger; (empty → cupboard) vider; (→ room) débarrasser
    (b) (throw out → rubbish, old clothes) jeter;
    ∎ he cleared everything out of the house il a fait le vide dans la maison;
    ∎ to clear everyone out of a room faire évacuer une pièce
    (c) familiar (leave without money) nettoyer, plumer;
    ∎ that last game cleared me out je me suis fait plumer dans cette dernière partie;
    ∎ I'm cleared out je suis fauché ou à sec
    (d) familiar (goods, stock) épuiser
    familiar (leave building, room etc) filer, déguerpir; (leave home → spouse, partner) se tirer;
    ∎ he was clearing out when I arrived il faisait ses valises quand je suis arrivé;
    ∎ he told us to clear out il nous a ordonné de disparaître;
    ∎ clear out (of here)! dégage!, fiche le camp!
    (a) (settle → problem) résoudre; (→ misunderstanding) dissiper; (→ mystery) éclaircir, résoudre;
    ∎ can you clear up this point? pouvez-vous éclaircir ce point?;
    ∎ let's clear this matter up tirons cette affaire au clair
    (b) (tidy up) ranger, faire du rangement dans;
    ∎ clear up that mess in the garden, will you? range-moi ce fouillis dans le jardin, d'accord?;
    ∎ I have a lot of work to clear up j'ai beaucoup de travail à rattraper
    (a) (weather) s'éclaircir, se lever; (fog, mist) se dissiper, se lever;
    ∎ it's clearing up le temps se lève
    (b) (spots, rash) disparaître;
    ∎ his cold is clearing up son rhume tire à sa fin
    (c) (tidy up) ranger, faire le ménage;
    ∎ I'm fed up with clearing up after you j'en ai assez de faire le ménage derrière toi

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > clear

  • 4 Psychology

       We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)
       The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)
       Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)
       It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)
       "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,
       The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)
       The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)
       According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)
       At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.
       In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.
       The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.
       Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)
       As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)
       The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

  • 5 separate

    1. adjective
    verschieden [Fragen, Probleme]; getrennt [Konten, Betten]; gesondert [Teil]; separat [Eingang, Toilette, Blatt Papier, Abteil]; Sonder[vereinbarung]; (one's own, individual) eigen [Zimmer, Identität, Organisation]
    2. transitive verb

    they are separated — (no longer live together) sie leben getrennt

    3. intransitive verb
    1) (disperse) sich trennen
    2) [Ehepaar:] sich trennen
    * * *
    1. ['sepəreit] verb
    1) ((sometimes with into or from) to place, take, keep or force apart: He separated the money into two piles; A policeman tried to separate the men who were fighting.) trennen
    2) (to go in different directions: We all walked along together and separated at the cross-roads.) sich trennen
    3) ((of a husband and wife) to start living apart from each other by choice.) sich trennen
    2. [-rət] adjective
    1) (divided; not joined: He sawed the wood into four separate pieces; The garage is separate from the house.) getrennt
    2) (different or distinct: This happened on two separate occasions; I like to keep my job and my home life separate.) getrennt
    •
    - academic.ru/65955/separateness">separateness
    - separable
    - separately
    - separates
    - separation
    - separatist
    - separatism
    - separate off
    - separate out
    - separate up
    * * *
    sepa·rate
    I. adj
    [ˈsepərət, AM -ɚɪt]
    (not joined) getrennt, separat; (independent) einzeln attr, gesondert attr, verschieden attr
    \separate bedrooms getrennte Schlafzimmer
    to retain a \separate entity eine Einheit für sich akk bleiben
    a \separate piece of paper ein extra Blatt Papier fam
    to go \separate ways eigene Wege gehen
    to keep sth \separate etw auseinanderhalten
    II. n
    [ˈsepərət, AM -ɚɪt]
    ▪ \separates pl ≈ Einzelteile pl
    ladies' \separates Röcke, Blusen, Hosen
    III. vt
    [ˈsepəreɪt, AM -əreɪt]
    ▪ to \separate sb/sth jdn/etw trennen; CHEM
    ▪ to \separate sth etw abspalten
    they look so alike I can't \separate them in my mind sie sehen sich so ähnlich, ich kann sie einfach nicht auseinanderhalten
    you can't \separate ethics from politics du kannst doch die Ethik nicht von der Politik abspalten
    to \separate egg whites from yolks Eigelb vom Eiweiß trennen
    IV. vi
    [ˈsepəreɪt, AM -əreɪt]
    1. (become detached) sich akk trennen; CHEM sich akk scheiden
    2. (of cohabiting couple) sich akk trennen, auseinandergehen; (divorce) sich akk scheiden lassen
    she is \separated from her husband sie lebt von ihrem Mann getrennt
    * * *
    ['seprət]
    1. adj
    1) getrennt, gesondert (from von); organization, unit gesondert, eigen attr; two organizations, issues, parts gesondert attr, voneinander getrennt, verschieden attr; provisions, regulations besondere(r, s) attr, separat, gesondert attr; beds, rooms, accounts getrennt; account, bill, agreement, department gesondert attr, extra attr inv; entrance, toilet, flat separat; existence eigen attr

    that is a separate question/issue — das ist eine andere Frage, das ist eine Frage für sich

    this is quite separate from his job — das hat mit seinem Beruf nichts zu tun

    to keep two things separate — zwei Dinge nicht zusammentun; questions, issues zwei Dinge auseinanderhalten

    separate from your card —

    keep this book separate from the others — halten Sie dieses Buch von den anderen getrennt

    2) (= individual) einzeln

    all the separate sections/pieces/units/questions — alle einzelnen Abschnitte/Teile/Einheiten/Fragen

    everybody has a separate cup/task — jeder hat eine Tasse/Aufgabe für sich or seine eigene Tasse/Aufgabe

    3. pl
    Röcke, Blusen, Hosen etc
    4. vt
    ['sepəreɪt] trennen; (CHEM ALSO) scheiden; milk entrahmen; (= divide up) aufteilen (into in +acc)

    to separate the good from the bad — die Guten von den Schlechten trennen or scheiden

    he can't separate his private life from his work — er kann Privatleben und Arbeit nicht (voneinander) trennen, er kann das Privatleben nicht von der Arbeit trennen

    5. vi
    ['sepəreɪt] sich trennen; (CHEM ALSO) sich scheiden

    it separates into four parts ( fig : problem etc ) — es lässt sich in vier Teile auseinandernehmen es zerfällt in vier Teile

    * * *
    A v/t [ˈsepəreıt]
    1. trennen ( from von):
    a) (ab)sondern, (ab-, aus)scheiden
    b) Freunde, auch Kämpfende etc auseinanderbringen:
    separate church and state Kirche und Staat trennen;
    a separated couple ein getrennt lebendes Ehepaar;
    they are separated sie leben getrennt; → chaff1 1, sheep 1
    2. spalten, auf-, zerteilen ( alle:
    into in akk)
    3. CHEM, TECH
    a) scheiden, trennen, (ab)spalten
    b) sortieren
    c) aufbereiten
    4. Milch zentrifugieren, Sahne absetzen lassen
    5. MIL US entlassen
    B v/i [ˈsepəreıt]
    1. sich trennen, scheiden ( beide:
    from von), auseinandergehen
    2. (from) sich lösen oder trennen (von), ausscheiden (aus)
    3. CHEM, TECH sich absondern
    4. JUR sich (ehelich) trennen
    C adj [ˈseprət] (adv separately)
    1. getrennt, (ab)gesondert, besonder(er, e, es), separat, Separat…:
    separate account WIRTSCH Sonder-, Separatkonto n;
    separate estate JUR eingebrachtes Sondergut (der Ehefrau);
    separate maintenance JUR Alimente pl (der getrennt lebenden Ehefrau)
    2. einzeln, gesondert, getrennt, Einzel…:
    separate bedrooms getrennte Schlafzimmer;
    with a separate entrance mit eigenem Eingang;
    the separate members of the body die einzelnen Glieder des Körpers;
    two separate questions zwei Einzelfragen, zwei gesondert zu behandelnde Fragen;
    separate rooms getrennte Zimmer, Einzelzimmer;
    they went their separate ways sie gingen ihre eigenen Wege;
    keep separate Bedeutungen etc auseinanderhalten;
    be available separately einzeln erhältlich sein
    3. einzeln, isoliert:
    separate confinement JUR Einzelhaft f
    D s [ˈseprət]
    1. (der, die, das) Einzelne oder Getrennte
    2. TYPO Sonder(ab)druck m
    3. pl Mode: Separates [ˈseprəts] pl (Kleidungsstücke, die zu einer zwei- oder mehrteiligen Kombination gehören)
    sep. abk
    1. BOT sepal
    2. separate getr.
    * * *
    1. adjective
    verschieden [Fragen, Probleme]; getrennt [Konten, Betten]; gesondert [Teil]; separat [Eingang, Toilette, Blatt Papier, Abteil]; Sonder[vereinbarung]; (one's own, individual) eigen [Zimmer, Identität, Organisation]
    2. transitive verb 3. intransitive verb
    1) (disperse) sich trennen
    2) [Ehepaar:] sich trennen
    * * *
    adj.
    abgesondert adj.
    gesondert adj.
    getrennt adj. v.
    scheiden v.
    (§ p.,pp.: schied, ist geschieden)
    trennen v.

    English-german dictionary > separate

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